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| Capacity Size Selection | | | What Are The Standards And The Basic Conditions For The Planning Of A Battery Installation? How Can The Proper Ah Size Be Determined? | |
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| Gassing And Ventilation | | | When Charging The Typical Lead Acid Battery A Portion Of The Charging Current, That Which Is In Excess Of That Required To Maintain 100% State Of Charge, Will Electrolyze Water In The Electrolyte Thus Generating Free Oxygen And Hydrogen Gas To Be Vented From The Battery. Naturally, The Venting Of Hydrogen Is Of Concern Since A 4% Mixture Of Hydrogen In Air Is An Explosive Mixture When Ignited. For This Reason It Is Recommended That No More Than A 2% Level Be Allowed To Accumulate. | |
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| Vrla Batteries Electrolyte Freeze Protection | | | The CCB Vrla Batteries Can Be Exposed To Freezing Temperatures Without Catastrophic Damage. However, If Frozen, There May Be Hidden Damage To The Active Material Of The Plates That Could Result In Premature Loss Of Capacity. Charging A "Frozen" Battery Can Result In Significant Localized Current Density And Heating Of The Plates Which Could Result In Additional Damage. | |
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| Charge | | Secondary Electrochemical Systems Like A Sealed Lead Acid Battery Can Be Recharged With A Dc Current And Thus Restored To Their Original State Of Charge.
In Sealed Llead Acid Batteries The Charging Voltage, Charging Current And Charge Duration Are Optimized For A Particular Cell Construction And Service Duty. | |
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| Discharge | | | During The Discharge Of A Battery A Voltage Close To The Electrochemical Equilibrium Potential And Having A Very Flat Voltage Vs. Time Behaviour Is Desirable. However Ohmic Losses, Mass Transport Limitations And Electrochemical Polarization Effects Result In A Less Than Ideal Voltage Vs. Time Behaviour. | |
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| Vrla Battery Periodic Maintenance Instructions | | -CCB Vrla Battery System General Description
-Circuit Breaker
-Vrla Battery Safety Concerns
-Electrical Hazards
-Disposal
-Chemical Hazards
-Fire, Explosion And Heat Hazards
-Caution
-Handling Hazards
-Preparation For Vrla Battery
-Periodic Maintenance
-Quarterly Maintenance
-Semi-Annual Maintenance
-Annual Maintenance
-Bi-Annual Maintenance | |
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| Lead Acid Battery Terminology Glossary | | -Absorbed Electrolyte
The Electrolyte In A Battery Is Absorbed In An Absorbent Glass Mat Between The Plates To Ensure That There Is No Free Liquid Electrolyte To Spill Or Leak From The Cell. The Battery Using This Technology Is Typically Referred To As An Agm Battery.
-Absorbent Glass Mat - Agm
A Blotter-Type Separator Used Between The Plates In An Agm Battery .The Absorbent Glass Mat Separator Absorbs All The Free Liquid Electrolyte, Thus Immobilizing The Electrolyte… | |
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| Life Expectancy And Temperature | | Vrla Battery Typical Failure Mode And Temperature Affect
We Would Like To Think The Vrla Battery Would Have An Infinite Life - Especially If It Is Not Being "Used" (Cycled) And Only Remains On Continuous Charge Being Maintained For Eventual Use. However, This Is Not The Case.
The Typical Vrla Battery Will Eventually Decline In Capacity And Fail Due To Grid Corrosion And Drying Of The Electrolyte As A Result Of Continuous Overcharge… | |
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| Recharge Time Determination For Vrla Batteries | | Determining Recharge Time - The Problem
Determining The Time Required To Recharge A Battery Can Be A Difficult Problem Because It Varies With Depth Of Discharge (Dod), Rate Of Discharge, Charging Current Available (Ic), Charging Voltage And The State Of Charge (Soc) To Which The Battery Is To Be Restored. | |
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| Parallel Operation Of Vrla Batteries | | | The Number Of Plates That Are Connected In Parallel Determine The Capacity Of A Cell. For Example, If One Set Of Positive And Negative Plates Is Capable Of Providing 5 Ampere Hours Capacity At The 8-Hour Rate, 10 Sets Of Plates Connected In Parallel Will Provide 50 Ampere Hours Capacity. | |
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| Water Loss In Vrla Batteries | | | A Further Life Limiting Factor Is Electrolyte Water Loss. Vrla Batteries Are Designed To Operate During Their Entire Service Life Without Any Topping-Up Of The Electrolyte With Water. For This Purpose, An Oxygen Recombination Cycle Is Introduced So To Reduce The Loss Of Electrolyte Water To A Minimum. | |
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| Vrla Batteries Engine Starting Applications | | | The Typical Starting, Lighting And Ignition (Sli) Battery Used In Automotive Engine Starting Applications Is Designed With The Maximum Possible Number Of Thin Plates Per Cell. As A Result, More "Cranking Current" Can Be Supplied By The Battery However It May Have A Short Life Expectancy When Subjected To Continuous Charging AsIn Stand-By Power "Float" Service… | |
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| Effects of Charger Output Ac Ripple Voltage | | 1.Charger Output Ac Ripple Voltage And Affect On Vrla Batteries
2.Dc Float Voltage, Float Current And Heating
3.Lead Acid Battery And Direct Current Flow
4.Ac Voltage And Current
5.Conditioned Ac Power For Charging And Ripple Voltage
6. Rms Vs. P-P Ac Voltage And Current
7.Ac Ripple Current And Battery Heating
8.Ac Ripple Voltage And Battery Gassing
9.Ac Ripple Voltage And Battery Cycling
10.Recommendations For Optimum Service Life | |
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| Constant Voltage Charger Selection | | | For Optimum System Cost And Performance The Battery And Charger Should Be Specified As A System. Not Only Does The Charger Capability Determine The Recharge Time Required But It Also Has A Significant Impact On The Service Life Of The Battery… | |
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| Vrla Battery Periodic Maintenance Instructions | | -CCB Vrla Battery System General Description
-Circuit Breaker
-Vrla Battery Safety Concerns
-Electrical Hazards
-Disposal
-Chemical Hazards
-Fire, Explosion And Heat Hazards
-Caution
-Handling Hazards… | |
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| Factors affecting capacity | | | The Available Capacity Depends On The Temperature And The Discharge Current. The Rated Capacities, Indicated In The Type List Are Based… | |
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| Integrety Testing | | | The Valve Regulated Lead Acid (Vrla) Battery Has Several Components (Ref. Fig. 1), All Of Which Can Deteriorate With Storage Conditions And Normal As Well As Abusive Conditions. For Example, It Is Common That During Normal Use, Over A Period Of Years The Positive Plate Lead Alloy Grid And Active Material Will Gradually Deteriorate While The Gelled Or Absorbed Electrolyte May Dry Somewhat. | |
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| Thermal Runaway In Vrla Batteries | | | It Would Be Very Unusual To Experience Thermal Runaway In A Properly Applied And Maintained Valve Regulated Lead Acid (Vrla) Battery System. However, Thermal Runaway And Its Prevention Continues To Be A Serious Concern Of Those Using The Vrla Battery In Float Service Applications. | |
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| Impedance And Conductance Testing | | | Typically The Vented (Flooded) Lead Acid Battery Is Contained In A Clear Container And The Condition Of The Cell Is Determined Via Float Voltage Checks, Electrolyte Specific Gravity Checks And A Visual Inspection Of The Internal Components. The Internal Components Such As The Plate Grids And Active Material, Straps Joining The Plates In Parallel, Separators, Electrolyte, And The Sediment Level And Color Are Inspected To Determine How They May Have Changed From Their Original Condition Such That The Capacity Of The Cell Would Be Affected. | |
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| Vrla Battery Immobilized Electrolyte | | The Electrolyte In A CCB Vrla Battery Is An Immobilized Dilute Solution Of Sulfuric Acid (H2so4) And Water (H2o).
The Sulfuric Acid Is Considered A Hazardous Material. The Specific Gravity Of Pure Sulfuric Acid Is 1.835 And The Percent Sulfuric Acid In The Electrolyte Determines The Electrolyte Specific Gravity (Sg). | |
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| Vrla Batteries Electrolyte Freeze Protection | | | The CCB Vrla Batteries Can Be Exposed To Freezing Temperatures Without Catastrophic Damage. However, If Frozen, There May Be Hidden Damage To The Active Material Of The Plates That Could Result In Premature Loss Of Capacity.Charging A "Frozen" Battery Can Result In Significant Localized Current Density And Heating Of The Plates Which Could Result In Additional Damage. | |
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| Heat Generation | | Battery Life And Performance Is Influenced By Temperature. Internal Heat Generation Occurs In The Lead Acid Cell During Charge And Discharge.
The Typical Heat Evolution In A Flooded 600 Ah (C10) Lead Acid Battery Is Shown Below… | |
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